The Beginning of the History: The Emergence of History (Religions, Philosophy, and Empire) Action or Reaction, Evolution or Rupture?
Abstract
Philosophers such as Hegel and Jaspers, with different concepts, consider the millennium BC as the beginning of the era of real history or axial period of history. In their view, the true history of humanity begins in this period and everything before that belongs to prehistoric times. For this reason, this period is introduced as a transition from Pre-civilization to civilization, nature to culture (Philosophy and religions), and it is called evolution and progression. However, they have no answer to what caused this transformation or evolution. What is the thoughtless domain of thoughtful history? Was history action or reaction? If it was a reaction, what was the reaction against? The purpose of this article is to critique this theory and to show that the millennium BC was not only evolution and progression but also a rupture and retreat and also history was not action but reaction. History refers to the emergence of the soul in the form of religion and philosophy, both of which, on one hand, were reactions due to hatred or ignorance, on the other hand, were because of political competition. It means, philosophy in Plato was the ideology of class domination that he called democracy as the government of the ignorant as well as religion in Zoroastrianism was the ideology of ethnic domination.